Síndrome de Kounis: una revisión exhaustiva

Kounis Syndrome: an exhaustive review

Contenido principal del artículo

Resumen

Introducción: el síndrome de Kounis se ha establecido como un trastorno coronario asociado a reacciones alérgicas, de hipersensibilidad, anafilácticas y anafilactoides; que engloba conceptos como el de angina alérgica e infarto alérgico. Su incidencia ha sido difícil de establecer debido a que posee una gran cantidad de factores desencadenantes y que existen pocos registros en la literatura médica, de modo que no parece ser un síndrome raro sino una entidad clínica poco conocida, capaz de evolucionar fatalmente si no se reconoce y se trata de manera rápida.
Objetivo: Resaltar y consolidar la literatura reciente sobre el síndrome de Kounis y así actualizar los conocimientos del médico en dicho tópico.
Métodos: se realizó una revisión narrativa de la literatura encontrada en las bases de datos PubMed y Science Direct y en el motor de búsqueda Google Scholar utilizando las palabras claves. Se incluyeron artículos en idioma español e inglés publicados hasta el mes de agosto de 2021.
Resultados: las reacciones alérgicas graves pueden desencadenar eventos coronarios agudos, esto se conoce como síndrome de Kounis. Se han descrito múltiples causas y sus manifestaciones clínicas pueden variar. La participación de los mastocitos cardíacos es fundamental en su desarrollo, a través de la liberación de múltiples mediadores que pueden desencadenar eventos agudos como vasoconstricción coronaria, rotura de placa ateroesclerótica y trombosis del stent coronario. Su diagnóstico se basa en las características clínicas, así como en pruebas de laboratorio, electrocardiográficas, ecocardiográficas y angiográficas. A pesar de que no existen guías de tratamiento para los pacientes con esta entidad, la literatura parece estar de acuerdo en que el manejo de dicha entidad en su fase aguda, debe involucrar el tratamiento del síndrome coronario agudo y la supresión de la reacción alérgica, teniendo en cuenta las interacciones y efectos de los fármacos a emplear.
Conclusión: El síndrome de Kounis es un trastorno común y potencialmente mortal que se debe diagnosticar y tratar de forma idónea e inmediata; por tanto, el conocimiento de su epidemiología, etiología, patogenia y manifestaciones clínicas son importantes para su diagnóstico, y tratamiento. El clínico debe prestar especial atención ante cualquier reacción alérgica que preceda al evento cardíaco agudo y considerar el SK en el gabinete de diagnósticos diferenciales.

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José de Jesús Bohórquez-Rivero, Universidad del Sinú Seccional Cartagena

Líder grupo de Investigación GIBACUS. Escuela de Medicina. Universidad del Sinú Seccional Cartagena, Cartagena de Indias, Colombia.

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