Ascitis en el paciente cirrótico: ¿cómo abordarla?

Ascitis en el paciente cirrótico: ¿cómo abordarla?

Contenido principal del artículo

Ismael Yepes Barreto
Sergio Cadavid Asís

Resumen

La ascitis es una de las complicaciones características de la cirrosis hepática descompensada. La paracentesis es importante para diagnóstico y orientación terapéutica. Se debe estimar gradiente albumina plasmática/líquido ascítico, ya que tiene sensibilidad del 97% para diagnosticar ascitis secundaria a hipertensión portal. El tratamiento inicial consiste en  administrar dieta hiposódica y diuréticos. La combinación de 400 mg/día de espironolactona y 160 mg/día de furosemida, son las dosis máximas aceptadas. La ascitis refractaria se presenta en el 10% de los pacientes con cirrosis hepática, y se define como la ausencia de respuesta a las medidas señaladas o como una ascitis rápidamente recurrente después de la paracentesis evacuadora. La ausencia de respuesta a los diuréticos se identifica por la ausencia de pérdida de peso junto a la inadecuada excreción de sodio, o por la presencia de encefalopatía, insuficiencia renal o hiperkalemia. En estos casos los pacientes se deben manejar con paracentesis periódicas, para las cuales se recomienda la reposición de albumina a 6 - 8 gramos por cada litro de líquido ascítico extraído. Cuando el volumen supera los 5 litros se debe realizar recuento de leucocitos con formula diferencial en el líquido ascítico, para descartar peritonitis
bacteriana espontánea. Las paracentesis periódicas no son recomendables en pacientes que responden adecuadamente a los diuréticos, tampoco cuando existe incremento en el riesgo de infecciones. La ascitis señala el inicio de una etapa más agresiva de la enfermedad y el trasplante hepático debe ser considerado de forma prioritaria, si no existen contraindicaciones. Rev.cienc.biomed. 2014;5(2):361-368.

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